{"id":6625,"date":"2023-09-05T12:43:38","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/?page_id=6625"},"modified":"2026-01-15T12:30:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T11:30:15","slug":"pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni\/","title":{"rendered":"Pays hors Zone Euro &#8211; Royaume-Uni"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6625\" class=\"elementor elementor-6625\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2247219d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2247219d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2befa5d3\" data-id=\"2befa5d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e98c985 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6e98c985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e2e8ced ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e2e8ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">COUNTRY<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa5459d ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fa5459d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Royaume-Uni<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de4dc6b ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4de4dc6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-277d9c88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"277d9c88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053cf5\" data-id=\"e053cf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ee5fd02 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6ee5fd02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2856d35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2856d35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-277c9e60\" data-id=\"277c9e60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-175e31ca ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"175e31ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">General information<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26b8d3d elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"26b8d3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4336e1a5 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4336e1a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Surface area :\u00a0<\/strong>244 101 km\u00b2<br \/><strong>Population :<\/strong> 67,89 millions<br \/><strong>Density :<\/strong> 275 hab\/km\u00b2<br \/><strong>Capital city :<\/strong>\u00a0Londres<br \/><strong>Official language :<\/strong> English<\/p><p><strong>Langues r\u00e9gionales<\/strong> : gallois, cornique, \u00e9cossais<\/p><p><strong>Head of state<\/strong> : Charles III, roi<\/p><p><strong>Head of Government<\/strong> : Keir Starmer, Premier Ministre<\/p><p><strong>GNP per capita :<\/strong>\u00a033 050 \u20ac (n\u00b011)<br \/><strong>Fertility rate :<\/strong>\u00a01,2<br \/><strong>Life expectancy :<\/strong>\u00a075 years old<br \/><strong>Currency :<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a3 sterling<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-652e510a\" data-id=\"652e510a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6ba8b ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4f6ba8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_photomorph_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1285\" height=\"1285\" src=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6626\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR.jpg 1285w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/CRT_GBR-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1285px) 100vw, 1285px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b7acf0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"b7acf0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fc5116f\" data-id=\"2fc5116f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3508d7e3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3508d7e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c193f47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"4c193f47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6035a8f7\" data-id=\"6035a8f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fda7cde ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fda7cde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f3f45 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6f3f45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tout d\u2019abord, un peu de vocabulaire g\u00e9ographique : la Grande-Bretagne est la grande \u00eele s\u00e9par\u00e9e du continent europ\u00e9en par la Manche. L\u2019Angleterre est une des trois r\u00e9gions de cette grande \u00eele, avec l\u2019Ecosse et le Pays de Galles. Le Royaume-Uni comprend la Grande-Bretagne et l\u2019Irlande du nord. Source de confusion, ces d\u00e9finitions m\u00e9ritent d\u2019\u00eatre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9es.<\/p><p>L\u2019Irlande comme la Grande-Bretagne sont habit\u00e9s par les Celtes lorsque les Romains conqui\u00e8rent la moiti\u00e9 sud de la grande \u00eele (47\/49). La limite de la conqu\u00eate romaine se situe aux fronti\u00e8res de l\u2019actuelle Ecosse, mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e par le mur d\u2019Hadrien au second si\u00e8cle. Cette partie de l\u2019empire romain devient chr\u00e9tienne au 4\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. L\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse restent celtes et pa\u00efens.<br \/>Lorsque l\u2019empire d\u2019occident se d\u00e9fait, les Germains (globalement qualifi\u00e9s d\u2019Anglo-Saxons), fondent de nombreux royaumes.<br \/>La Mercie domine le pays au 8\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, mais finalement le Wessex r\u00e9unit le pays, auquel curieusement les Angles vaincus, et non les Saxons donnent leur nom au pays.<br \/>A la fin du 9\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le pays est partag\u00e9 entre le Wessex d\u2019Alfred le Grand et les envahisseurs Danois.<\/p><p>Un descendant d\u2019Alfred, Edouard le Confesseur, r\u00e9alisera enfin l\u2019unit\u00e9 anglaise en 1042. Les Danois sont assimil\u00e9s, la langue des Saxons de l\u2019ouest (le \u00a0\u00bb vieil anglais \u00ab\u00a0) s\u2019impose. A la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, le Pays de Galles, l\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse, acqui\u00e8rent leur originalit\u00e9 culturelle et linguistique.<\/p><p>En 1066, Edouard le Confesseur meurt sans h\u00e9ritier. Guillaume le Conqu\u00e9rant, duc de Normandie, \u00e9limine Harold, pr\u00e9tendant \u00e0 la succession. L\u2019administration normande est colonisatrice : sur le plan administratif, religieux et m\u00eame linguistique (la langue anglaise comporte de tr\u00e8s nombreuses traces de la langue fran\u00e7aise).<\/p><p>La dynastie passe aux Plantagen\u00eat en 1154 apr\u00e8s des guerres de successions internes. Henri II soumet l\u2019Eglise (assassinat de Thomas Becket) et conquiert l\u2019Irlande. La langue \u00e9volue vers un \u00a0\u00bb moyen anglais \u00ab\u00a0, le Fran\u00e7ais demeurant la langue de l\u2019\u00e9lite. Henri III va finalement conqu\u00e9rir le Pays de Galles sur les successeurs du prince Llywelyn le Grand apr\u00e8s 1283.<\/p><p>En revanche, les Anglais \u00e9chouent en Ecosse (victoire de Robert Bruce en 1314). La Guerre de Cent ans na\u00eet des revendications sur la Guyenne entre Edouard III et Philippe VI de Valois, Edouard pr\u00e9tendant au tr\u00f4ne de France par sa filiation maternelle.<br \/>Henri V, victorieux \u00e0 Azincourt (1415), est pr\u00e8s de la possession des deux royaumes. Sa mort entra\u00eene le reflux. Charles VII, galvanis\u00e9 par Jeanne d\u2019Arc, r\u00e9cup\u00e8re son royaume. En 1475, Edouard IV renonce \u00e0 la couronne de France.<\/p><p>C\u2019est alors l\u2019\u00e9pisode terrible de la Guerre des 2 Roses qui oppose les descendants des deux branches issues d\u2019Edouard III (York et Lancastre).<br \/><br \/>Finalement, c\u2019est un parent des Lancastre, Henri (VII) qui met fin \u00e0 la guerre en \u00e9pousant Elisabeth d\u2019York, fille d\u2019Edouard IV (1485).<\/p><p>Le si\u00e8cle des Tudor est marqu\u00e9 par la rupture avec Rome de Henri VIII motiv\u00e9e par son divorce avec Catherine d\u2019Aragon. Le retour bref au catholicisme de Marie, fille de Catherine, sera suivi de l\u2019\u00e2ge d\u2019or d\u2019Elisabeth 1\u00e8re (1558\/1603). L\u2019anglicanisme est \u00e9tabli.<br \/>A la mort de la \u00a0\u00bb reine vierge \u00ab\u00a0, son lointain cousin Jacques VI d\u2019Ecosse Stuart devient Jacques 1er .Son absolutisme, et plus encore celui de son fils Charles 1er , provoque une guerre civile et une rupture avec l\u2019Ecosse en voulant unifier les \u00e9glises anglicane et presbyt\u00e9rienne. Le Parlement met en route une arm\u00e9e anim\u00e9e par Olivier Cromwell. Le roi est ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 en 1649. Cromwell soumet ensuite l\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse de fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8rement sanglante. Apr\u00e8s sa mort en 1658, la monarchie est restaur\u00e9e en 1660 avec Charles II.<\/p><p>Celui-ci va \u00eatre contraint de reconna\u00eetre les droits du Parlement. Son fr\u00e8re Jacques II, catholique, lui succ\u00e8de, et une p\u00e9riode de troubles de succession s\u2019en suivra. Finalement sa fille protestante, Marie II, r\u00e8gnera conjointement avec son \u00e9poux, Guillaume III, stadhouder des Pays-Bas. Sous le r\u00e8gne de Anne, s\u0153ur de Marie II, l\u2019Angleterre et l\u2019Ecosse sont fusionn\u00e9s (jusque l\u00e0, il ne s\u2019agissait que d\u2019une union personnelle).<\/p><p>Le successeur d\u2019Anne sera un prince allemand, Georges, prince \u00e9lecteur de Hanovre. De 1714 \u00e0 1837, les souverains anglais le sont aussi au Hanovre. Les deux premiers restent d\u2019ailleurs plus dans leur pays d\u2019origine et laissent les ministres anglais gouverner. Georges III est le premier v\u00e9ritablement anglais et veut gouverner. Mais son autorit\u00e9 est min\u00e9e par la perte des Etats-Unis.<\/p><p>Malgr\u00e9 cet \u00e9chec, l\u2019Empire britannique prend peu \u00e0 peu forme, en Inde et au Canada. La \u00a0\u00bb r\u00e9volution industrielle \u00a0\u00bb transforme en profondeur le pays.<br \/>Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite de Napol\u00e9on, le pays est en paix jusqu\u2019en 1914.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme britannique atteint son apog\u00e9e sous le tr\u00e8s long r\u00e8gne de Victoria (1837\/1901), couronn\u00e9e imp\u00e9ratrice des Indes en 1876.<\/p><p>La Premi\u00e8re Guerre Mondiale n\u2019apporte rien au royaume malgr\u00e9 sa victoire. Au contraire, il est supplant\u00e9 comme premi\u00e8re puissance mondiale par les Etats-Unis ; les difficult\u00e9s de l\u2019entre-deux-guerres s\u2019accumulent : guerre civile en Irlande, tensions en Inde, terrible r\u00e9cession \u00e9conomique des ann\u00e9es 30.<\/p><p>La Seconde Guerre Mondiale voit rapidement le Royaume-Uni seul pays libre et combattant l\u2019Allemagne en Europe. Churchill anime avec d\u00e9termination une r\u00e9sistance h\u00e9ro\u00efque.<\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s la guerre, l\u2019Empire britannique se d\u00e9fait, tout en gardant des liens avec la plupart des anciennes colonies au travers du Commonwealth.<\/p><p>Celle de l\u2019Inde, avec la partition, survenue le 15 ao\u00fbt 1947, entra\u00eene un des pires drames de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, massacres et exils de millions de personnes.<\/p><p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 60, la d\u00e9colonisation en Afrique s\u2019effectue plus sereinement, sauf en Rhod\u00e9sie o\u00f9 la minorit\u00e9 blanche a instaur\u00e9 un r\u00e9gime d\u2019apartheid de 1965 \u00e0 1980 (prise du pouvoir par Mugabe).<\/p><p>Il ne restera bient\u00f4t plus que quelques confettis, dont Hong-Kong, r\u00e9troc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 la Chine en 1997 dans le cadre de \u00ab un pays, deux syst\u00e8mes \u00bb, et d\u2019autres comme Gibraltar, ou les Falkland (Maldives), qui ont quand m\u00eame caus\u00e9 une guerre avec l\u2019Argentine qui les revendique en 1982.<\/p><p>Les ann\u00e9es Thatcher (1979\/1990) sont marqu\u00e9es par un passage \u00e0 une \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 pure et dure, que les travaillistes ne remettront pas vraiment en cause.<br \/>L\u2019autonomie du Pays de Galles et surtout de l\u2019Ecosse (par l\u2019acte de \u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9volution \u00ab\u00a0) est importante. Les ind\u00e9pendantistes \u00e9cossais ont fait une entr\u00e9e massive au Parlement d\u2019Edimbourg.<\/p><p>Elisabeth II est souveraine depuis la mort de Georges VI en 1952. Elle est aussi souveraine des Etats du Commonwealth qui ne sont pas devenues des r\u00e9publiques (Canada, Australie, \u2026)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5190d26f elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5190d26f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-79e3d97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"79e3d97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f40196\" data-id=\"4f40196\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17529eb ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17529eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les langues du Royaume-Uni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e72ea22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"e72ea22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33c0b29\" data-id=\"33c0b29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04530ca ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04530ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019anglais est une langue du groupe dit anglo-saxon, appartenant aux langues germaniques. L\u2019influence fran\u00e7aise due \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate normande reste tr\u00e8s vivante dans l\u2019anglais d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p><p>Le groupe des langues celtiques demeure vivant en Ecosse et au Pays de Galles, tr\u00e8s marginal en Cornouaille.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e87b5bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"e87b5bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce2e479\" data-id=\"ce2e479\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d99fe3 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d99fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le Royaume-Uni et l'Euro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72fcd5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"72fcd5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a943f4\" data-id=\"7a943f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e29268 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e29268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De Gaulle voulait l\u2019Angleterre \u00a0\u00bb toute nue \u00ab\u00a0, ce qui voulait dire en particulier sans le Commonwealth.<br \/>1973 voit l\u2019admission du Royaume-Uni dans la CEE. Londres participera aux n\u00e9gociations du \u00a0\u00bb marathon de Maastricht \u00ab\u00a0, tout en ayant refus\u00e9 le volet mon\u00e9taire d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but.<br \/>La vision anglaise, souvent per\u00e7ue comme tr\u00e8s proche des Etats-Unis, partisane d\u2019un lib\u00e9ralisme pur et dur (m\u00eame sous les gouvernements travaillistes), est celle d\u2019une union la plus vague possible, \u00e9conomiquement lib\u00e9rale, et le moins possible politique. Face \u00e0 \u00a0\u00bb l\u2019axe franco-allemand \u00ab\u00a0, Londres pr\u00e9f\u00e8re une union la plus large possible. D\u2019o\u00f9 un soutien sans r\u00e9serve \u00e0 l\u2019adh\u00e9sion turque par exemple.<br \/>La question de l\u2019euro reste ouverte. Tony Blair s\u2019\u00e9tait engag\u00e9 \u00e0 un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum. Les \u00e9checs de la Constitution en France et aux Pays-Bas lui ont \u00e9vit\u00e9 un \u00e9chec humiliant sur ce sujet\u2026 L\u2019opinion demeure tr\u00e8s hostile, \u00e0 l\u2019euro mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019UE.<br \/>Gordon Brown a la r\u00e9putation d\u2019\u00eatre tr\u00e8s eurosceptique.<br \/>Pourtant, le parlement britannique a approuv\u00e9 le Trait\u00e9 de Lisbonne, ce qui est un signe positif.<br \/>Le seul espoir est que les Anglais, dans leurs nombreux d\u00e9placements sur le continent, d\u00e9couvrent les charmes de la monnaie unique en voyage.<\/p><p>A noter toutefois que la Grande-Bretagne, suite \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019\u00eele de Chypre, avait obtenu le droit de conserver deux bases militaires qui sont les seuls points d\u2019appuis strat\u00e9giques dont elle dispose en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Les accords pass\u00e9s avec le gouvernement chypriote pr\u00e9voient que la Grande-Bretagne exerce sa souverainet\u00e9 et donc pleine juridiction sur ces deux enclaves territoriales. Elles se nomment AKROTIRI et DEKHELIA. La population qui vit sur ces deux territoires est compos\u00e9e de militaires et de civils anglais du minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense ainsi que de leurs familles, soit autour de 14 000 personnes. Or les accords pass\u00e9s avec le gouvernement chypriote en 1960 pr\u00e9voient que la seule monnaie qui a cours l\u00e9gal dans ces deux enclaves est la Livre chypriote. C&rsquo;est ainsi tout naturellement que l&rsquo;Euro a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 sur ces bases militaires le 1er janvier 2008, Euro qui a ainsi cours l\u00e9gal sur une partie du territoire britannique&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad7a1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"8ad7a1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f6406e\" data-id=\"1f6406e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a226fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6a226fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-441de6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"441de6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-279f433\" data-id=\"279f433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfb862 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ecfb862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contact<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dbaa5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"6dbaa5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0905409\" data-id=\"0905409\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed6a04c ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed6a04c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E-mail :\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:pays@amisdeleuro.org\">pays@amisdeleuro.org<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7382ca4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7382ca4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cc8744\" data-id=\"9cc8744\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8672b2d elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8672b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-253a278 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"253a278\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62fea18\" data-id=\"62fea18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94944b4 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94944b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6abb1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"a6abb1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc044a4\" data-id=\"bc044a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8e6f9c ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8e6f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8211; Le site de la monnaie royale :\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.royalmint.com\/<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-28643914 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"28643914\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c4cf49a\" data-id=\"4c4cf49a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-683f5bad ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"683f5bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-132a61d3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"132a61d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33908e0a ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"33908e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce6fb70 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ce6fb70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Continuer la navigation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657b7ffa elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"657b7ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35ccd3f5 wpr-main-menu-align-center wpr-main-menu-align--tabletleft wpr-main-menu-align--mobileleft wpr-pointer-underline wpr-pointer-line-fx wpr-pointer-fx-fade wpr-sub-icon-caret-down wpr-sub-menu-fx-fade wpr-nav-menu-bp-mobile wpr-mobile-menu-full-width wpr-mobile-menu-item-align-center wpr-mobile-toggle-v1 wpr-sub-divider-yes wpr-mobile-divider-yes ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-nav-menu\" data-id=\"35ccd3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;menu_layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"wpr-nav-menu-container wpr-nav-menu-horizontal\" data-trigger=\"hover\" data-consider-header=\"\" data-scroll-speed=\"500\"><ul id=\"menu-1-35ccd3f5\" class=\"wpr-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6868\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-danemark\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Danemark<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6867\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-hongrie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Hongrie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6866\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Pologne<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6865\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-republique-tcheque\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Czech Republic<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6864\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Royaume-Uni<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6863\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-roumanie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Roumanie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-suede\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Su\u00e8de<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu-container\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-wrap\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle\"><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><ul id=\"mobile-menu-2-35ccd3f5\" class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6868\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-danemark\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Danemark<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6867\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-hongrie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Hongrie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6866\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Pologne<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6865\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-republique-tcheque\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Czech Republic<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6864\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Royaume-Uni<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6863\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-roumanie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Roumanie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/pays-hors-zone-euro-suede\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Su\u00e8de<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad ob-bb-inner elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c5d3dd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"5c5d3dd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-17803fc1\" data-id=\"17803fc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd15d55 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"4cd15d55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/les-pays-rattaches\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Related countries<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1148ce08\" data-id=\"1148ce08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2549944 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"2549944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/les-pays\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Pays zone Euro<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PAYS Royaume-Uni Donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales Superficie :\u00a0244 101 km\u00b2Population : 67,89 millionsDensit\u00e9 : 275 hab\/km\u00b2Capitale :\u00a0LondresLangue officielle : anglais Langues r\u00e9gionales : gallois, cornique, \u00e9cossais Chef d&rsquo;Etat : Charles III, roi Chef du Gouvernement : Keir Starmer, Premier Ministre PNB par habitant :\u00a033 050 \u20ac (n\u00b011)Indice de f\u00e9condit\u00e9 :\u00a01,2Esp\u00e9rance de vie :\u00a075 ansMonnaie :\u00a0\u00a3 sterling Histoire Tout d\u2019abord, un peu de vocabulaire g\u00e9ographique : la Grande-Bretagne est la grande \u00eele s\u00e9par\u00e9e du continent europ\u00e9en par la Manche. L\u2019Angleterre est une des trois r\u00e9gions de cette grande \u00eele, avec l\u2019Ecosse et le Pays de Galles. Le Royaume-Uni comprend la Grande-Bretagne et l\u2019Irlande du nord. Source de confusion, ces d\u00e9finitions m\u00e9ritent d\u2019\u00eatre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9es. L\u2019Irlande comme la Grande-Bretagne sont habit\u00e9s par les Celtes lorsque les Romains conqui\u00e8rent la moiti\u00e9 sud de la grande \u00eele (47\/49). La limite de la conqu\u00eate romaine se situe aux fronti\u00e8res de l\u2019actuelle Ecosse, mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e par le mur d\u2019Hadrien au second si\u00e8cle. Cette partie de l\u2019empire romain devient chr\u00e9tienne au 4\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. L\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse restent celtes et pa\u00efens.Lorsque l\u2019empire d\u2019occident se d\u00e9fait, les Germains (globalement qualifi\u00e9s d\u2019Anglo-Saxons), fondent de nombreux royaumes.La Mercie domine le pays au 8\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, mais finalement le Wessex r\u00e9unit le pays, auquel curieusement les Angles vaincus, et non les Saxons donnent leur nom au pays.A la fin du 9\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le pays est partag\u00e9 entre le Wessex d\u2019Alfred le Grand et les envahisseurs Danois. Un descendant d\u2019Alfred, Edouard le Confesseur, r\u00e9alisera enfin l\u2019unit\u00e9 anglaise en 1042. Les Danois sont assimil\u00e9s, la langue des Saxons de l\u2019ouest (le \u00a0\u00bb vieil anglais \u00ab\u00a0) s\u2019impose. A la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, le Pays de Galles, l\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse, acqui\u00e8rent leur originalit\u00e9 culturelle et linguistique. En 1066, Edouard le Confesseur meurt sans h\u00e9ritier. Guillaume le Conqu\u00e9rant, duc de Normandie, \u00e9limine Harold, pr\u00e9tendant \u00e0 la succession. L\u2019administration normande est colonisatrice : sur le plan administratif, religieux et m\u00eame linguistique (la langue anglaise comporte de tr\u00e8s nombreuses traces de la langue fran\u00e7aise). La dynastie passe aux Plantagen\u00eat en 1154 apr\u00e8s des guerres de successions internes. Henri II soumet l\u2019Eglise (assassinat de Thomas Becket) et conquiert l\u2019Irlande. La langue \u00e9volue vers un \u00a0\u00bb moyen anglais \u00ab\u00a0, le Fran\u00e7ais demeurant la langue de l\u2019\u00e9lite. Henri III va finalement conqu\u00e9rir le Pays de Galles sur les successeurs du prince Llywelyn le Grand apr\u00e8s 1283. En revanche, les Anglais \u00e9chouent en Ecosse (victoire de Robert Bruce en 1314). La Guerre de Cent ans na\u00eet des revendications sur la Guyenne entre Edouard III et Philippe VI de Valois, Edouard pr\u00e9tendant au tr\u00f4ne de France par sa filiation maternelle.Henri V, victorieux \u00e0 Azincourt (1415), est pr\u00e8s de la possession des deux royaumes. Sa mort entra\u00eene le reflux. Charles VII, galvanis\u00e9 par Jeanne d\u2019Arc, r\u00e9cup\u00e8re son royaume. En 1475, Edouard IV renonce \u00e0 la couronne de France. C\u2019est alors l\u2019\u00e9pisode terrible de la Guerre des 2 Roses qui oppose les descendants des deux branches issues d\u2019Edouard III (York et Lancastre). Finalement, c\u2019est un parent des Lancastre, Henri (VII) qui met fin \u00e0 la guerre en \u00e9pousant Elisabeth d\u2019York, fille d\u2019Edouard IV (1485). Le si\u00e8cle des Tudor est marqu\u00e9 par la rupture avec Rome de Henri VIII motiv\u00e9e par son divorce avec Catherine d\u2019Aragon. Le retour bref au catholicisme de Marie, fille de Catherine, sera suivi de l\u2019\u00e2ge d\u2019or d\u2019Elisabeth 1\u00e8re (1558\/1603). L\u2019anglicanisme est \u00e9tabli.A la mort de la \u00a0\u00bb reine vierge \u00ab\u00a0, son lointain cousin Jacques VI d\u2019Ecosse Stuart devient Jacques 1er .Son absolutisme, et plus encore celui de son fils Charles 1er , provoque une guerre civile et une rupture avec l\u2019Ecosse en voulant unifier les \u00e9glises anglicane et presbyt\u00e9rienne. Le Parlement met en route une arm\u00e9e anim\u00e9e par Olivier Cromwell. Le roi est ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 en 1649. Cromwell soumet ensuite l\u2019Irlande et l\u2019Ecosse de fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8rement sanglante. Apr\u00e8s sa mort en 1658, la monarchie est restaur\u00e9e en 1660 avec Charles II. Celui-ci va \u00eatre contraint de reconna\u00eetre les droits du Parlement. Son fr\u00e8re Jacques II, catholique, lui succ\u00e8de, et une p\u00e9riode de troubles de succession s\u2019en suivra. Finalement sa fille protestante, Marie II, r\u00e8gnera conjointement avec son \u00e9poux, Guillaume III, stadhouder des Pays-Bas. Sous le r\u00e8gne de Anne, s\u0153ur de Marie II, l\u2019Angleterre et l\u2019Ecosse sont fusionn\u00e9s (jusque l\u00e0, il ne s\u2019agissait que d\u2019une union personnelle). Le successeur d\u2019Anne sera un prince allemand, Georges, prince \u00e9lecteur de Hanovre. De 1714 \u00e0 1837, les souverains anglais le sont aussi au Hanovre. Les deux premiers restent d\u2019ailleurs plus dans leur pays d\u2019origine et laissent les ministres anglais gouverner. Georges III est le premier v\u00e9ritablement anglais et veut gouverner. Mais son autorit\u00e9 est min\u00e9e par la perte des Etats-Unis. Malgr\u00e9 cet \u00e9chec, l\u2019Empire britannique prend peu \u00e0 peu forme, en Inde et au Canada. La \u00a0\u00bb r\u00e9volution industrielle \u00a0\u00bb transforme en profondeur le pays.Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite de Napol\u00e9on, le pays est en paix jusqu\u2019en 1914. L&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme britannique atteint son apog\u00e9e sous le tr\u00e8s long r\u00e8gne de Victoria (1837\/1901), couronn\u00e9e imp\u00e9ratrice des Indes en 1876. La Premi\u00e8re Guerre Mondiale n\u2019apporte rien au royaume malgr\u00e9 sa victoire. Au contraire, il est supplant\u00e9 comme premi\u00e8re puissance mondiale par les Etats-Unis ; les difficult\u00e9s de l\u2019entre-deux-guerres s\u2019accumulent : guerre civile en Irlande, tensions en Inde, terrible r\u00e9cession \u00e9conomique des ann\u00e9es 30. La Seconde Guerre Mondiale voit rapidement le Royaume-Uni seul pays libre et combattant l\u2019Allemagne en Europe. Churchill anime avec d\u00e9termination une r\u00e9sistance h\u00e9ro\u00efque. Apr\u00e8s la guerre, l\u2019Empire britannique se d\u00e9fait, tout en gardant des liens avec la plupart des anciennes colonies au travers du Commonwealth. Celle de l\u2019Inde, avec la partition, survenue le 15 ao\u00fbt 1947, entra\u00eene un des pires drames de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, massacres et exils de millions de personnes. Dans les ann\u00e9es 60, la d\u00e9colonisation en Afrique s\u2019effectue plus sereinement, sauf en Rhod\u00e9sie o\u00f9 la minorit\u00e9 blanche a instaur\u00e9 un r\u00e9gime d\u2019apartheid de 1965 \u00e0 1980 (prise du pouvoir par Mugabe). Il ne restera bient\u00f4t plus que quelques confettis, dont Hong-Kong, r\u00e9troc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 la Chine en 1997 dans le cadre de \u00ab un pays, deux syst\u00e8mes \u00bb, et d\u2019autres comme Gibraltar, ou les Falkland (Maldives), qui ont quand m\u00eame caus\u00e9 une guerre avec<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[584],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6625","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-pays-hors-zone-euro","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6625"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82161,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6625\/revisions\/82161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6625"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6625"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}