{"id":4402,"date":"2023-08-07T09:44:49","date_gmt":"2023-08-07T08:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/?page_id=4402"},"modified":"2025-04-02T13:25:08","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T12:25:08","slug":"les-pays","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/les-pays\/","title":{"rendered":"Countries"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4402\" class=\"elementor elementor-4402\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a49f07 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"3a49f07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76ee118\" data-id=\"76ee118\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36f32a0 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"36f32a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef832ec ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef832ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Euro zone countries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3853df7 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3853df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fbde741 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"fbde741\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28e3dad\" data-id=\"28e3dad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8970302 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8970302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b161335 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"b161335\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3546a88\" data-id=\"3546a88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57db20e ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"57db20e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e37bb ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"59e37bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-703af54 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"703af54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Introduction<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0680790 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0680790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Europe and the Euro today<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83f322 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f83f322\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3356bcd\" data-id=\"3356bcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0d1ef9 elementor-hidden-mobile ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f0d1ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e2542 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16e2542\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The euro was one of the major challenges of European integration. Its success depended on a clear division of tasks between the various institutional players.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3470258 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3470258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b54779f wpr-main-menu-align-left wpr-main-menu-align--tabletleft wpr-main-menu-align--mobileleft wpr-pointer-underline wpr-pointer-line-fx wpr-pointer-fx-fade wpr-sub-icon-caret-down wpr-sub-menu-fx-fade wpr-nav-menu-bp-mobile wpr-mobile-menu-full-width wpr-mobile-menu-item-align-center wpr-mobile-toggle-v1 wpr-sub-divider-yes wpr-mobile-divider-yes ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-nav-menu\" data-id=\"b54779f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;menu_layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"wpr-nav-menu-container wpr-nav-menu-horizontal\" data-trigger=\"hover\" data-consider-header=\"\" data-scroll-speed=\"500\"><ul id=\"menu-1-b54779f\" class=\"wpr-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4418\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-allemagne\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4419\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-autriche\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Austria<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4475\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-belgique\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Belgium<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-81995\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-bulgarie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Bulgarie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4420\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-chypre\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Cyprus<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4421\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-croatie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Croatia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4422\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-espagne\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Spain<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4423\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-estonie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Estonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4424\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-finlande\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Finland<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4425\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-france\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">France<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4426\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-grece\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4427\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-irlande\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Ireland<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4428\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-italie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Italy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4429\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-lettonie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Latvia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4430\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-lituanie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Lithuania<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4431\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-luxembourg\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Luxembourg<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4432\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-malte\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Malta<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4433\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-pays-bas\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Netherlands<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4434\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-portugal\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Portugal<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4435\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-slovaquie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Slovakia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4436\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-slovenie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Slovenia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu-container\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-wrap\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle\"><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><ul id=\"mobile-menu-2-b54779f\" class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4418\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-allemagne\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4419\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-autriche\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Austria<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4475\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-belgique\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Belgium<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-81995\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-bulgarie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Bulgarie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4420\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-chypre\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Cyprus<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4421\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-croatie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Croatia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4422\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-espagne\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Spain<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4423\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-estonie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Estonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4424\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-finlande\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Finland<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4425\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-france\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">France<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4426\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-grece\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4427\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-irlande\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Ireland<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4428\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-italie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Italy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4429\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-lettonie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Latvia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4430\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-lituanie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Lithuania<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4431\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-luxembourg\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Luxembourg<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4432\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-malte\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Malta<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4433\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-pays-bas\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Netherlands<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4434\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-portugal\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Portugal<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4435\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-slovaquie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Slovakia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4436\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/zone-euro-slovenie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Slovenia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a98356 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7a98356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2471d446 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2471d446\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-605489af\" data-id=\"605489af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6607ffa8\" data-id=\"6607ffa8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cbc50ba ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"3cbc50ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--ujarak eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/les-pays-hors-zone-euro\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Countries outside the Eurozone<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8a5588\" data-id=\"c8a5588\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56ffd8cf ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"56ffd8cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--ujarak eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/les-pays-rattaches\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Related countries<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd9c2c3 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"dd9c2c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-08a5e02\" data-id=\"08a5e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d95b71 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5d95b71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ade0f7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4ade0f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c60d4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"0c60d4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7e99e1\" data-id=\"c7e99e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad ob-bb-inner elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-18c33c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"18c33c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded98ff\" data-id=\"ded98ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfa9805 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfa9805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The fundamental principle that prevails here is that derived from the Maastricht Treaty. The ECB manages the issue of euro banknotes.<\/p><p>On the other hand, it is the Member States that are responsible for issuing metal divisional notes through the National Central Bank or through the national mint, where one exists. Nevertheless, the ECB retains a threefold right of supervision over these issues:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-439b469\" data-id=\"439b469\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0be403 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0be403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote>- Volume of issues: the ECB determines the volume of national issues. Each country is granted a maximum mintage quota for each denomination at the beginning of the year of issue in question.<\/blockquote><blockquote>- On the common side of each banknote: the ECB sets the specifications to be met and informs the countries of the changes to be made to this side. This was the case for the new sides of the EUR 10, 20, 50 cent, EUR 1 and EUR 2 notes. Each country had to make the changes by 31 December 2008.<\/blockquote><blockquote>- On the quality of strikes: the ECB has been given an audit role in order to guarantee a high and equivalent level of all circulation strikes.<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37e3e74 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37e3e74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e1fba4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"1e1fba4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27739ea\" data-id=\"27739ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49917be ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49917be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The division of roles between the institutional players has been clearly defined. This precise framework makes it possible to envisage the gradual integration of new member states into the eurozone.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-abac338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"abac338\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4ed38f\" data-id=\"f4ed38f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b73384 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7b73384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a0251c ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a0251c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">POTENTIAL EU MEMBERS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b732a94 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b732a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eaa524 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"6eaa524\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9efe46e\" data-id=\"9efe46e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67c51f1 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67c51f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote>- Turkey's application is progressing at a snail's pace. France and Germany prefer a \"privileged association\", which in fact already exists, while Great Britain prefers full membership to dilute the union a little further.)<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Iceland officially became a candidate on 17 July 2009<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Serbia has taken a step towards becoming a candidate by its constructive attitude towards the International Tribunal. The elections confirmed Serbia's desire to be anchored in the EU.<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Macedonia still dependent on Greek veto (over its name)<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Montenegro, Bosnia and Kosovo are a long way from a possible candidacy<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia are even further away...<\/blockquote><blockquote>- Finally, naturally European countries such as Switzerland and Norway<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-828d4b3\" data-id=\"828d4b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59abb7c ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59abb7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_photomorph_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"693\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/114336-OP4AYF-395.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-550\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/114336-OP4AYF-395.png 693w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/114336-OP4AYF-395-600x530.png 600w, https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/114336-OP4AYF-395-300x265.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e1b98a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"e1b98a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a814676\" data-id=\"a814676\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b96d6e ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b96d6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8c7625 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b8c7625\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">THE EURO ZONE AND DEPENDENCIES<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e668b5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2e668b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f4a7262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"f4a7262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-42d3f46\" data-id=\"42d3f46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b765273 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b765273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abb74a3 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abb74a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The eurozone stricto sensu is made up of the 16 countries (soon to be 17) that are Member States (MS) of the EU and have introduced the euro as their currency. Slovenia was added to the original 12 on 1 January 2002, followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009 and Estonia in 2011. These 16 (soon to be 17) Member States are the only ones to participate in the workings of the European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt, which has sovereign powers to define the zone's monetary policy.<\/p><p>For the following countries (Lithuania and Latvia in particular), we will no doubt have to wait... several years (until the convergence criteria are met), but the resurgence of inflation and the looming recession risk compromising the efforts of these countries, which have succeeded in moving from a collectivist, planned economy to a real market economy in less than 20 years.<\/p><p>To date, the euro zone is potentially made up of 25 of the 27 Member States, since with the exception of the United Kingdom (which did not participate in the monetary aspects of Maastricht) and Denmark (which benefits from a derogation), they have all committed themselves by Treaty to adopting the euro as the single currency. Sweden had also adopted the euro, but as the country did not qualify in 1999, its government subsequently organised a referendum in violation, at least in legal terms, of its international obligations. Sweden had ratified the Maastricht Treaty.<\/p><p>Other sovereign states that are not members of the EU may adopt the euro as their single currency.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra had already introduced the new currency on 1 January 2002. But this was for historical and practical reasons. The first three were even able to retain their existing specificity in terms of the country face and the possibility of issuing commemorative coins. Andorra, which did not have this specific tradition, switched to the Euro without any particular variant, but could well do so in the future.<\/p><p>In 1999, the UN, which administers Kosovo, chose to give it the Deutsch Mark (soon to be replaced by the Euro) as its currency. Montenegro's first act of independence was to \"unilaterally\" adopt this currency. However, this does not give it any specific rights.<\/p><p>In the EU proper, the case of Bulgaria is interesting: the Lev has a fixed parity with the euro, but the ECB has refused to include it in the ERM II convergence mechanism, which would in fact qualify Bulgaria.<\/p><p>Conversely, Denmark, which benefits from the opt-out derogation, has been operating under this system since the inception of ERM II. The day the Danes vote to end the derogations (in several areas, including currency), they will immediately qualify and will be able to introduce the euro as quickly as possible. The Danish government is currently considering the possibility of joining the Eurozone.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In addition, the currencies of the CFA franc zone in West Africa (8 countries) and Central Africa (6 countries), plus the Comorian franc, are pegged to the euro.<\/p><p>Other countries are looking closely at some form of euro membership. In Iceland, which is now a candidate, the business community would have liked unilateral membership of the euro, which the EU does not want. Iceland has turned away from the USA, but is not ready for membership, particularly because of the issue of fishing quotas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pays de la zone Euro Introduction L&rsquo;Europe et l&rsquo;Euro aujourd&rsquo;hui L\u2019euro a \u00e9t\u00e9 un des enjeux majeurs de la construction europ\u00e9enne. Sa r\u00e9ussite \u00e9tait conditionn\u00e9e par une r\u00e9partition claire des t\u00e2ches entre les diff\u00e9rents acteurs institutionnels. Allemagne Autriche Belgique Chypre Croatie Espagne Estonie Finlande France Gr\u00e8ce Irlande Italie Lettonie Lituanie Luxembourg Malte Pays-Bas Portugal Slovaquie Slov\u00e9nie Allemagne Autriche Belgique Chypre Croatie Espagne Estonie Finlande France Gr\u00e8ce Irlande Italie Lettonie Lituanie Luxembourg Malte Pays-Bas Portugal Slovaquie Slov\u00e9nie Pays hors Zone Euro Pays rattach\u00e9s Le principe fondamental qui pr\u00e9vaut en la mati\u00e8re est celui qui d\u00e9coule du trait\u00e9 de Maastricht. La BCE g\u00e8re l\u2019\u00e9mission des billets euro. En revanche, ce sont les Etats Membres qui prennent en charge les \u00e9missions de coupures divisionnaires m\u00e9talliques par le biais de la Banque Centrale Nationale ou par le biais de l\u2019H\u00f4tel national des Monnaies, quand il en existe un. N\u00e9anmoins, la BCE conserve sur ces \u00e9missions un triple droit de regard : &#8211; Sur le volume des \u00e9missions : la BCE d\u00e9termine le volume des \u00e9missions nationales. Chaque pays se voit accorder un contingent de frappe maximum pour chaque coupure au d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9mission consid\u00e9r\u00e9e. &#8211; Sur la face commune de chaque coupure : la BCE fixe le cahier des charges \u00e0 respecter et communique aux pays les modifications devant \u00eatre apport\u00e9es \u00e0 cette face. Il en a \u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi pour les nouvelles faces des coupures de 10, 20, 50 cent, 1 et 2 EUR. Chaque pays devait effectuer les modifications avant le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2008. &#8211; Sur la qualit\u00e9 des frappes : la BCE s\u2019est vue attribuer un r\u00f4le d\u2019audit afin de garantir un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 et \u00e9quivalent de toutes les frappes de circulation. La r\u00e9partition des r\u00f4les entre les acteurs institutionnels a \u00e9t\u00e9 clairement pos\u00e9e. Ce cadre pr\u00e9cis permet d\u2019envisager les int\u00e9grations progressives de nouveaux \u00e9tats membres de la zone euro. LES MEMBRES POTENTIELS DE L&rsquo;UE &#8211; La Turquie dont la candidature progresse \u00e0 la vitesse de l&rsquo;escargot. France et Allemagne pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent une \u00ab association privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e \u00bb, qui de fait existe d\u00e9j\u00e0, la Grande-Bretagne une adh\u00e9sion enti\u00e8re pour diluer une peu plus l\u2019union) &#8211; le 17 juillet 2009, l\u2019Islande est officiellement devenue candidate &#8211; La Serbie a fait un pas vers la candidature par son attitude constructive vis-\u00e0-vis du Tribunal International. Les \u00e9lections ont confirm\u00e9 le d\u00e9sir d\u2019ancrage dans l\u2019UE &#8211; La Mac\u00e9doine reste tributaire du veto grec (concernant son nom) &#8211; Le Mont\u00e9n\u00e9gro, la Bosnie, le Kosovo sont tr\u00e8s loin d\u2019une possible candidature &#8211; Plus lointaines encore celles de la Moldavie, de l\u2019Ukraine ou de la G\u00e9orgie\u2026 &#8211; Enfin, les pays naturellement europ\u00e9ens comme la Suisse ou la Norv\u00e8ge LA ZONE EURO ET D\u00c9PENDANCES La zone euro stricto sensu est constitu\u00e9e par les 16 pays (bient\u00f4t 17) qui sont des Etats Membres (EM) de l\u2019UE et qui ont introduit l\u2019euro comme devise. Aux 12 initiaux du 1er Janvier 2002 se sont ajout\u00e9s en 2007 la Slov\u00e9nie, en 2008 Chypre et Malte, en 2009 la Slovaquie et l&rsquo;Estonie pour 2011. Ces 16 (bient\u00f4t 17) \u00e9tats membres\u00a0 sont les seuls \u00e0 participer au fonctionnement de la Banque Centrale Europ\u00e9enne (BCE) de Francfort, qui d\u00e9finit souverainement la politique mon\u00e9taire de la zone. Pour les suivants (Lituanie et Lettonie en particulier), il faudra sans doute attendre&#8230; plusieurs ann\u00e9es (le temps que les crit\u00e8res de convergences soient remplis\u00a0) or le red\u00e9marrage de l\u2019inflation et la r\u00e9cession qui s\u2019annonce risquent de compromettre les efforts de ces pays qui ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 passer d\u2019une \u00e9conomie collectiviste et planifi\u00e9e \u00e0 une r\u00e9elle \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 en moins de 20 ans. Potentiellement, \u00e0 ce jour, la zone euro est riche de 25 des 27 EM, puisque hormis la Grande-Bretagne (qui n\u2019a pas particip\u00e9 au volet mon\u00e9taire de Maastricht) et le Danemark (qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019une d\u00e9rogation), tous se sont engag\u00e9s par Trait\u00e9 \u00e0 adopter l\u2019euro comme monnaie unique. La Su\u00e8de aussi l\u2019avait adopt\u00e9 mais le pays n\u2019\u00e9tant pas qualifi\u00e9 en 1999, son gouvernement a organis\u00e9 par la suite un r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum en violation du moins sur le plan juridique avec ses obligations internationales. Elle avait en effet ratifi\u00e9 le Trait\u00e9 de Maastricht. D\u2019autres \u00e9tats souverains, non membres de l\u2019UE, peuvent\u00a0adopter l\u2019Euro comme monnaie unique. \u00a0 D\u00e9j\u00e0, au 1er Janvier 2002, Monaco, Saint Marin, le Vatican et Andorre avaient introduit la nouvelle monnaie. Mais c\u2019\u00e9tait pour des raisons historiques et pratiques. Les trois premi\u00e8res avaient m\u00eame pu conserver leur sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 existante\u00a0en mati\u00e8re de face pays et de possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9missions de monnaies comm\u00e9moratives. Andorre, qui n\u2019avait pas cette tradition sp\u00e9cifique, est pass\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Euro sans variante particuli\u00e8re, mais pourrait fort bien l\u2019obtenir \u00e0 l\u2019avenir. L\u2019ONU, administrant le Kosovo, a choisi en 1999 de lui donner le Deutsch Mark\u00a0(bient\u00f4t remplac\u00e9 par l\u2019Euro) comme devise. Le premier acte d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du Mont\u00e9n\u00e9gro a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019adopter \u00ab unilat\u00e9ralement \u00bb cette devise. Ceci ne lui conf\u00e8re pourtant aucun droit sp\u00e9cifique. Dans l\u2019UE proprement dite, le cas de la Bulgarie est int\u00e9ressant : le Lev a une parit\u00e9 fix\u00e9e avec l\u2019euro, mais la BCE a refus\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9gration dans le m\u00e9canisme de convergence MCE II, qui de fait qualifierait la Bulgarie. \u00c0\u00a0l\u2019inverse, le Danemark, qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la d\u00e9rogation \u00ab opt out \u00bb, \u00e9volue depuis l\u2019origine de MCE II dans ce syst\u00e8me. Le jour o\u00f9 les Danois voteront la fin des d\u00e9rogations (dans plusieurs domaines, dont la monnaie), ils seront aussit\u00f4t qualifi\u00e9s et pourront introduire l\u2019Euro dans les plus brefs d\u00e9lais. Le gouvernement danois r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit d\u2019ailleurs \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle \u00e0 une possible adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la zone Euro. \u00a0 De plus, la devise de la zone Franc CFA d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019ouest (8 pays), celle d\u2019Afrique centrale (6 pays), plus le Franc comorien, ont une parit\u00e9 fix\u00e9e avec l\u2019Euro. D\u2019autres pays regardent avec attention une adh\u00e9sion, sous une forme ou une autre, de l\u2019Euro. En Islande, maintenant candidate, les milieux d\u2019affaires auraient voulu une adh\u00e9sion unilat\u00e9rale \u00e0 l&rsquo;euro, que l&rsquo;UE ne souhaite pas. Ce pays s\u2019est beaucoup d\u00e9tourn\u00e9 des USA, mais n\u2019est pas pr\u00eat pour une adh\u00e9sion, en particulier \u00e0 cause de la question des quotas de p\u00eache.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[515],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4402","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-pays-zone-euro","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4402"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81880,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4402\/revisions\/81880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}