{"id":6612,"date":"2023-09-05T10:45:48","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T09:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/?page_id=6612"},"modified":"2026-01-17T14:33:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T13:33:03","slug":"pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne\/","title":{"rendered":"Pays hors Zone Euro &#8211; Pologne"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6612\" class=\"elementor elementor-6612\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2247219d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2247219d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2befa5d3\" data-id=\"2befa5d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e98c985 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6e98c985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e2e8ced ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e2e8ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LAND<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa5459d ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fa5459d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pologne<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de4dc6b ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4de4dc6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-277d9c88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"277d9c88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053cf5\" data-id=\"e053cf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ee5fd02 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6ee5fd02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2856d35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2856d35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-277c9e60\" data-id=\"277c9e60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-175e31ca ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"175e31ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Allgemeine Daten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26b8d3d elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"26b8d3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4336e1a5 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4336e1a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fl\u00e4che :<\/strong>\u00a0324 000 km\u00b2<br \/><strong>Bev\u00f6lkerung :<\/strong> 37,99 millions<br \/><strong>Dichte :<\/strong> 122 hab\/km\u00b2<br \/><strong>Hauptstadt :<\/strong>\u00a0Varsovie<br \/><strong>Amtssprache : <\/strong>polonais<\/p><p><strong>Langues minoritaires<\/strong> : sil\u00e9sien, cachoube, ukrainien, bi\u00e9lorusse, lituanien, allemand<br \/><strong>Chef d&rsquo;Etat<\/strong> : Andrzej Duda, pr\u00e9sident<\/p><p><strong>Chef du Gouvernement<\/strong> : Donald Tusk, premier ministre<br \/><strong>PNB par habitant :<\/strong>\u00a07712 \u20ac<br \/><strong>Fertilit\u00e4tsindex :<\/strong>\u00a01,2<br \/><strong>Lebenserwartung :<\/strong>\u00a074 ans<br \/><strong>W\u00e4hrung :<\/strong>\u00a0zloty<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-652e510a\" data-id=\"652e510a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6ba8b ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4f6ba8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_photomorph_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/amisdeleuro.org\/static\/images\/pays\/pologne\/CRT_POL.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"CRT_POL\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b7acf0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"b7acf0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fc5116f\" data-id=\"2fc5116f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3508d7e3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3508d7e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c193f47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"4c193f47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6035a8f7\" data-id=\"6035a8f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fda7cde ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fda7cde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geschichte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f3f45 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6f3f45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La Pologne d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui occupe \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s son territoire de&#8230; l\u2019An mille. C\u2019est de plus l&rsquo;un des \u00e9tats d\u2019Europe orientale les plus homog\u00e8nes sur les plans religieux et ethniques.<\/p><p>Trois tribus slaves sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine du peuplement, finalement unies par le roi Polane Miezko Ier, converti au christianisme au X\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, fondateur de la dynastie des Piast.<\/p><p>Le pays, entre divisions dynastiques, p\u00e9n\u00e9trations germaniques, conna\u00eet de grandes difficult\u00e9s, et m\u00eame l\u2019an\u00e9antissement lors de l\u2019invasion mongole de 1239.<\/p><p>Plong\u00e9e dans l\u2019anarchie, la Pologne retrouve des couleurs sous les derniers Piast, et surtout Casimir le Grand (1333-1390). Sa succession va en outre amener un tournant majeur. La reine Hedwige, fille de son successeur Louis d\u2019Anjou, en \u00e9pousant en 1386 Ladislas II Jagellon, grand-duc de Lituanie, inaugure l\u2019union personnelle entre les deux \u00e9tats, et repr\u00e9sente une puissance consid\u00e9rable.<\/p><p>La dynastie des Jagellon offre \u00e0 la Pologne son \u00e2ge d\u2019or aux XV\u00e8me et XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cles.<br \/>La R\u00e9forme n\u2019a que peu de cons\u00e9quences dans le pays, si ce n\u2019est de faire passer beaucoup d\u2019orthodoxes \u00e0 Rome (Eglise Uniate).<\/p><p>La mort de Sigismond-Auguste, le dernier Jagellon , en 1572, oblige d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 \u00e9lire des souverains \u00e9trangers. La Pologne, en paix, ne sera pas atteinte par la guerre de Trente Ans.<\/p><p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1648-1676, la Pologne va subir les coups des Cosaques Zaporogues, puis des Su\u00e9dois. Un seul \u00e9pisode glorieux : le r\u00e8gne de Jean Sobieski (1674-1696), qui met fin au si\u00e8ge de Vienne par les Turcs.<br \/>Le roi Auguste II, un saxon, est d\u00e9fait par Charles XII de Su\u00e8de.<\/p><p>Au total, c\u2019est Pierre le Grand qui va tirer profit de ces guerres du nord. En 1709, il r\u00e9tablit Auguste II \u00e0 Varsovie, mais au prix d\u2019abandons territoriaux majeurs par la Pologne.<\/p><p>La difficile \u00e9lection de Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski en 1764 sera suivie par la disparition progressive du pays au cours des trois partages (1772, 1793 et 1795), qui voient Autriche, Prusse et Russie annexer peu \u00e0 peu le royaume.<\/p><p>Si Napol\u00e9on reconstitue bri\u00e8vement &#8211; sous l\u2019influence de Marie Walewska &#8211; un grand-duch\u00e9 de Pologne (1807-1815), au Congr\u00e8s de Vienne, le tsar en reprend le contr\u00f4le.<br \/>Les trois parties occup\u00e9es ont une histoire distincte :<\/p><p>&#8211; la partie russe, tr\u00e8s active culturellement, se r\u00e9volte en 1831, sera l\u2019objet d\u2019une terrible r\u00e9pression \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019ordre r\u00e8gne \u00e0 Varsovie\u00a0\u00bb. Apr\u00e8s une br\u00e8ve p\u00e9riode de lib\u00e9ralisation, une nouvelle r\u00e9volte en 1864, qui gagne aussi la Lituanie, entra\u00eene une r\u00e9action encore plus violente des autorit\u00e9s<br \/>&#8211; la partie autrichienne, la Galicie, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019un r\u00e9gime privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 dans l\u2019empire austro-hongrois.<\/p><p>&#8211; La partie prussienne est soumise \u00e0 une germanisation pouss\u00e9e, et en particulier la colonisation. Ils r\u00e9sistent cependant.La Pologne se retrouve un enjeu en 1914, participant malgr\u00e9 elle aux deux camps ; les intentions des empires centraux sont tr\u00e8s floues ; c\u2019est en occident que la cause polonaise trouve ses meilleurs avocats : Ignacy Paderewski, le grand pianiste et compositeur, immens\u00e9ment populaire, inspire le huiti\u00e8me des \u00ab\u00a0quatorze points\u00a0\u00bb du Pr\u00e9sident Wilson, traitant de la Pologne ind\u00e9pendante.<br \/>La reconstruction de la Pologne s\u2019op\u00e8re facilement, et en janvier 1919, Paderewski en devient Pr\u00e9sident.<\/p><p>Pourtant, la question des fronti\u00e8res, \u00e0 l\u2019est comme \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, n\u2019est pas \u00e9vidente. \u00c0 l\u2019est, la victoire dans la guerre avec les Russes va fixer des fronti\u00e8res \u00e0 son avantage. Dantzig est \u00e0 nouveau \u00e9rig\u00e9e en ville libre.<br \/>Apr\u00e8s le retrait de Paderewski, le mar\u00e9chal Pilsudski va instaurer une dictature.<br \/>La seconde guerre mondiale d\u00e9bute en Pologne que le pacte germano-sovi\u00e9tique partage \u00e0 nouveau. La partie annex\u00e9e par l\u2019Allemagne subit une germanisation pouss\u00e9e comme nulle part ailleurs (les noms des villes sont chang\u00e9s, colonisation, camps de concentration pour les membres de l\u2019administration). La \u00ab\u00a0solution finale\u00a0\u00bb y trouve une traduction particuli\u00e8rement atroce \u00e0 Auschwitz, avec un million de Juifs tu\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Pourtant, la r\u00e9sistance nationale existe, et sera repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e sur tous les fronts. L\u2019arm\u00e9e sovi\u00e9tique qui entre en Pologne en juillet 1944 y installe le communiste Bierut ; les partisans du gouvernement en exil soutenus par Londres seront vite \u00e9cart\u00e9s.<br \/>\u00c0 Yalta, en f\u00e9vrier 1945, de nouvelles fronti\u00e8res sont n\u00e9goci\u00e9es, repouss\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ouest sur la ligne \u00ab\u00a0Oder-Neisse\u00a0\u00bb, et les deux millions de polonais allemands expuls\u00e9s.<br \/>Gomulka dirige le pays de 1947 \u00e0 1970, avec des \u00e9pisodes de r\u00e9volte populaire. Gierek lui succ\u00e8de. La cr\u00e9ation du syndicat KOR en 1976 constitue la premi\u00e8re organisation ouvri\u00e8re \u00e0 d\u00e9fier le Parti. 1978 voit l\u2019\u00e9lection de Karol Wojtyla sous le nom de Jean-Paul II.<\/p><p>En 1980, Lech Walesa, \u00e0 la t\u00eate du syndicat Solidarnosc dans les chantiers de Gdansk (Dantzig), provoque la crise qui se traduit par le retrait de Gierek et l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Jaruzelski au pouvoir. Celui-ci dissout Solidarnosc et emprisonne ses dirigeants.<br \/>Mais en juin 1989, suite \u00e0 des tables rondes avec l\u2019opposition, les \u00e9lections semi-libres am\u00e8nent la majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 Solidarnosk, et un partage des pouvoirs. Enfin, le 9 d\u00e9cembre 1990, Walesa est \u00e9lu pr\u00e9sident.<br \/>Apr\u00e8s un retour au pouvoir des ex-communistes en 1995, la Pologne a fait un choix pour la droite &#8211; voire l\u2019extr\u00eame droite &#8211; en 2005 avec les fr\u00e8res Kaczynski.<br \/>Candidate en 1998 \u00e0 l\u2019UE, la Pologne en est devenue membre le 1er mai 2004.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5190d26f elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5190d26f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-79e3d97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"79e3d97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f40196\" data-id=\"4f40196\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17529eb ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17529eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La langue polonaise<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e72ea22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"e72ea22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33c0b29\" data-id=\"33c0b29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04530ca ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04530ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u2019est une langue du groupe slave occidental, comme les langues tch\u00e8que et slovaque.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad7a1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"8ad7a1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f6406e\" data-id=\"1f6406e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a226fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6a226fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ccee13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"4ccee13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64579f2\" data-id=\"64579f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc8a17e ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc8a17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La Pologne et l'Euro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ea4d63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"3ea4d63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd84039\" data-id=\"dd84039\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8480d ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c8480d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comme les dix nouveaux membres de 2004, la Pologne s&rsquo;est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 adopter l\u2019Euro.<br \/>Seule des \u00ab\u00a0dix\u00a0\u00bb, la Pologne manifestait beaucoup de mauvaise volont\u00e9 en 2006 : \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019introduction de l\u2019Euro n\u2019est pas une priorit\u00e9 pour la Pologne\u00a0\u00bb avait ainsi d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la Ministre de l\u2019Economie, Zyta Gilowska, \u00e0 sa prise de fonction. Le changement de gouvernement, vers une orientation europhile, semble plus positive. Mais la crise financi\u00e8re introduit de nouvelles incertitudes. Euro protecteur ? Certains le pensent, d&rsquo;autres sont de l&rsquo;avis qu&rsquo;il faut en sortir. Avis irrationnels, motivations li\u00e9es \u00e0 de proches \u00e9lections, opinions publiques d\u00e9boussol\u00e9es&#8230; Tous les pays sont dans une tourmente &#8211; en ce qui concerne l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l&rsquo;Euro en tout cas &#8211; et rien n&rsquo;est pr\u00e9visible \u00e0 ce jour&#8230; Tout ceci repousse une introduction \u00e0 2011 ou 2012&#8230; au plus t\u00f4t !<\/p><p>Le document de travail de la Commission Europ\u00e9enne du 04\/11\/2005 pr\u00e9voit pour la Pologne :<\/p><blockquote>&#8211; 4 \u00e0 5 milliards de pi\u00e8ces<br \/>&#8211; le nombre de billets n&rsquo;est pas encore d\u00e9termin\u00e9<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8067e23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"8067e23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae727f3\" data-id=\"ae727f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd0a37a elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fd0a37a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-441de6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"441de6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-279f433\" data-id=\"279f433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfb862 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ecfb862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontakt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dbaa5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"6dbaa5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0905409\" data-id=\"0905409\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed6a04c ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed6a04c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E-Mail:\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:pays@amisdeleuro.org\">pays@amisdeleuro.org<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7382ca4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7382ca4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cc8744\" data-id=\"9cc8744\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8672b2d elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8672b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-253a278 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"253a278\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62fea18\" data-id=\"62fea18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94944b4 ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94944b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6abb1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"a6abb1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc044a4\" data-id=\"bc044a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8e6f9c ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8e6f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_postman_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8211; Le site de la Banque Nationale de Pologne :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbp.pl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nbp.pl\/<\/a><br \/><br \/>&#8211; Le site de la Monnaie Polonaise :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mennica.com.pl\/index.php?pt=\/2\/main\/1,1\/mennica_polska_s.a..html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.mennica.com.pl\/<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-654cd225 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"654cd225\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f100f1b\" data-id=\"7f100f1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ab7487 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"72ab7487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d4650 elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0d4650\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f73c206 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4f73c206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_spacerat_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9e6e9b ob-harakiri-inherit ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d9e6e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_use_harakiri&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_writing_mode&quot;:&quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;_ob_harakiri_text_clip&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navigation fortsetzen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc7baeb elementor-widget-divider--view-line ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6fc7baeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bdde5bb wpr-main-menu-align-center wpr-main-menu-align--tabletleft wpr-main-menu-align--mobileleft wpr-pointer-underline wpr-pointer-line-fx wpr-pointer-fx-fade wpr-sub-icon-caret-down wpr-sub-menu-fx-fade wpr-nav-menu-bp-mobile wpr-mobile-menu-full-width wpr-mobile-menu-item-align-center wpr-mobile-toggle-v1 wpr-sub-divider-yes wpr-mobile-divider-yes ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-nav-menu\" data-id=\"5bdde5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;menu_layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"wpr-nav-menu-container wpr-nav-menu-horizontal\" data-trigger=\"hover\" data-consider-header=\"\" data-scroll-speed=\"500\"><ul id=\"menu-1-5bdde5bb\" class=\"wpr-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6868\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-danemark\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Danemark<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6867\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-hongrie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Hongrie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6866\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Pologne<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6865\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-republique-tcheque\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">R\u00e9publique Tch\u00e8que<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6864\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Royaume-Uni<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6863\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-roumanie\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Roumanie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-suede\/\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item\">Su\u00e8de<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu-container\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-wrap\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle\"><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><ul id=\"mobile-menu-2-5bdde5bb\" class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6868\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-danemark\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Danemark<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6867\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-hongrie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Hongrie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6866\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-pologne\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Pologne<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6865\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-republique-tcheque\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">R\u00e9publique Tch\u00e8que<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6864\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-royaume-uni\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Royaume-Uni<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6863\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-roumanie\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Roumanie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/pays-hors-zone-euro-suede\/\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item\">Su\u00e8de<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"ob-is-breaking-bad ob-bb-inner elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5959d53e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"5959d53e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_use_it&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_bbad_sssic_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_glider_is_slider&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-790a0c82\" data-id=\"790a0c82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b604 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"75b604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/les-pays-rattaches\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Angeschlossene L\u00e4nder<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bd0f4ab\" data-id=\"2bd0f4ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_bbad_is_stalker&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_teleporter_use&quot;:false,&quot;_ob_column_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_column_has_pseudo&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519b9738 ob-has-background-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"519b9738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ob_perspektive_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_poopart_use&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_ob_shadough_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_allow_hoveranimator&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;_ob_widget_stalker_use&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/les-pays\/\" data-text=\"\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Pays zone Euro<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PAYS Pologne Donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales Superficie :\u00a0324 000 km\u00b2Population : 37,99 millionsDensit\u00e9 : 122 hab\/km\u00b2Capitale :\u00a0VarsovieLangue officielle : polonais Langues minoritaires : sil\u00e9sien, cachoube, ukrainien, bi\u00e9lorusse, lituanien, allemandChef d&rsquo;Etat : Andrzej Duda, pr\u00e9sident Chef du Gouvernement : Donald Tusk, premier ministrePNB par habitant :\u00a07712 \u20acIndice de f\u00e9condit\u00e9 :\u00a01,2Esp\u00e9rance de vie :\u00a074 ansMonnaie :\u00a0zloty Histoire La Pologne d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui occupe \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s son territoire de&#8230; l\u2019An mille. C\u2019est de plus l&rsquo;un des \u00e9tats d\u2019Europe orientale les plus homog\u00e8nes sur les plans religieux et ethniques. Trois tribus slaves sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine du peuplement, finalement unies par le roi Polane Miezko Ier, converti au christianisme au X\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, fondateur de la dynastie des Piast. Le pays, entre divisions dynastiques, p\u00e9n\u00e9trations germaniques, conna\u00eet de grandes difficult\u00e9s, et m\u00eame l\u2019an\u00e9antissement lors de l\u2019invasion mongole de 1239. Plong\u00e9e dans l\u2019anarchie, la Pologne retrouve des couleurs sous les derniers Piast, et surtout Casimir le Grand (1333-1390). Sa succession va en outre amener un tournant majeur. La reine Hedwige, fille de son successeur Louis d\u2019Anjou, en \u00e9pousant en 1386 Ladislas II Jagellon, grand-duc de Lituanie, inaugure l\u2019union personnelle entre les deux \u00e9tats, et repr\u00e9sente une puissance consid\u00e9rable. La dynastie des Jagellon offre \u00e0 la Pologne son \u00e2ge d\u2019or aux XV\u00e8me et XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cles.La R\u00e9forme n\u2019a que peu de cons\u00e9quences dans le pays, si ce n\u2019est de faire passer beaucoup d\u2019orthodoxes \u00e0 Rome (Eglise Uniate). La mort de Sigismond-Auguste, le dernier Jagellon , en 1572, oblige d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 \u00e9lire des souverains \u00e9trangers. La Pologne, en paix, ne sera pas atteinte par la guerre de Trente Ans. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1648-1676, la Pologne va subir les coups des Cosaques Zaporogues, puis des Su\u00e9dois. Un seul \u00e9pisode glorieux : le r\u00e8gne de Jean Sobieski (1674-1696), qui met fin au si\u00e8ge de Vienne par les Turcs.Le roi Auguste II, un saxon, est d\u00e9fait par Charles XII de Su\u00e8de. Au total, c\u2019est Pierre le Grand qui va tirer profit de ces guerres du nord. En 1709, il r\u00e9tablit Auguste II \u00e0 Varsovie, mais au prix d\u2019abandons territoriaux majeurs par la Pologne. La difficile \u00e9lection de Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski en 1764 sera suivie par la disparition progressive du pays au cours des trois partages (1772, 1793 et 1795), qui voient Autriche, Prusse et Russie annexer peu \u00e0 peu le royaume. Si Napol\u00e9on reconstitue bri\u00e8vement &#8211; sous l\u2019influence de Marie Walewska &#8211; un grand-duch\u00e9 de Pologne (1807-1815), au Congr\u00e8s de Vienne, le tsar en reprend le contr\u00f4le.Les trois parties occup\u00e9es ont une histoire distincte : &#8211; la partie russe, tr\u00e8s active culturellement, se r\u00e9volte en 1831, sera l\u2019objet d\u2019une terrible r\u00e9pression \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019ordre r\u00e8gne \u00e0 Varsovie\u00a0\u00bb. Apr\u00e8s une br\u00e8ve p\u00e9riode de lib\u00e9ralisation, une nouvelle r\u00e9volte en 1864, qui gagne aussi la Lituanie, entra\u00eene une r\u00e9action encore plus violente des autorit\u00e9s&#8211; la partie autrichienne, la Galicie, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019un r\u00e9gime privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 dans l\u2019empire austro-hongrois. &#8211; La partie prussienne est soumise \u00e0 une germanisation pouss\u00e9e, et en particulier la colonisation. Ils r\u00e9sistent cependant.La Pologne se retrouve un enjeu en 1914, participant malgr\u00e9 elle aux deux camps ; les intentions des empires centraux sont tr\u00e8s floues ; c\u2019est en occident que la cause polonaise trouve ses meilleurs avocats : Ignacy Paderewski, le grand pianiste et compositeur, immens\u00e9ment populaire, inspire le huiti\u00e8me des \u00ab\u00a0quatorze points\u00a0\u00bb du Pr\u00e9sident Wilson, traitant de la Pologne ind\u00e9pendante.La reconstruction de la Pologne s\u2019op\u00e8re facilement, et en janvier 1919, Paderewski en devient Pr\u00e9sident. Pourtant, la question des fronti\u00e8res, \u00e0 l\u2019est comme \u00e0 l\u2019ouest, n\u2019est pas \u00e9vidente. \u00c0 l\u2019est, la victoire dans la guerre avec les Russes va fixer des fronti\u00e8res \u00e0 son avantage. Dantzig est \u00e0 nouveau \u00e9rig\u00e9e en ville libre.Apr\u00e8s le retrait de Paderewski, le mar\u00e9chal Pilsudski va instaurer une dictature.La seconde guerre mondiale d\u00e9bute en Pologne que le pacte germano-sovi\u00e9tique partage \u00e0 nouveau. La partie annex\u00e9e par l\u2019Allemagne subit une germanisation pouss\u00e9e comme nulle part ailleurs (les noms des villes sont chang\u00e9s, colonisation, camps de concentration pour les membres de l\u2019administration). La \u00ab\u00a0solution finale\u00a0\u00bb y trouve une traduction particuli\u00e8rement atroce \u00e0 Auschwitz, avec un million de Juifs tu\u00e9s. Pourtant, la r\u00e9sistance nationale existe, et sera repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e sur tous les fronts. L\u2019arm\u00e9e sovi\u00e9tique qui entre en Pologne en juillet 1944 y installe le communiste Bierut ; les partisans du gouvernement en exil soutenus par Londres seront vite \u00e9cart\u00e9s.\u00c0 Yalta, en f\u00e9vrier 1945, de nouvelles fronti\u00e8res sont n\u00e9goci\u00e9es, repouss\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ouest sur la ligne \u00ab\u00a0Oder-Neisse\u00a0\u00bb, et les deux millions de polonais allemands expuls\u00e9s.Gomulka dirige le pays de 1947 \u00e0 1970, avec des \u00e9pisodes de r\u00e9volte populaire. Gierek lui succ\u00e8de. La cr\u00e9ation du syndicat KOR en 1976 constitue la premi\u00e8re organisation ouvri\u00e8re \u00e0 d\u00e9fier le Parti. 1978 voit l\u2019\u00e9lection de Karol Wojtyla sous le nom de Jean-Paul II. En 1980, Lech Walesa, \u00e0 la t\u00eate du syndicat Solidarnosc dans les chantiers de Gdansk (Dantzig), provoque la crise qui se traduit par le retrait de Gierek et l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Jaruzelski au pouvoir. Celui-ci dissout Solidarnosc et emprisonne ses dirigeants.Mais en juin 1989, suite \u00e0 des tables rondes avec l\u2019opposition, les \u00e9lections semi-libres am\u00e8nent la majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 Solidarnosk, et un partage des pouvoirs. Enfin, le 9 d\u00e9cembre 1990, Walesa est \u00e9lu pr\u00e9sident.Apr\u00e8s un retour au pouvoir des ex-communistes en 1995, la Pologne a fait un choix pour la droite &#8211; voire l\u2019extr\u00eame droite &#8211; en 2005 avec les fr\u00e8res Kaczynski.Candidate en 1998 \u00e0 l\u2019UE, la Pologne en est devenue membre le 1er mai 2004. La langue polonaise C\u2019est une langue du groupe slave occidental, comme les langues tch\u00e8que et slovaque. La Pologne et l&rsquo;Euro Comme les dix nouveaux membres de 2004, la Pologne s&rsquo;est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 adopter l\u2019Euro.Seule des \u00ab\u00a0dix\u00a0\u00bb, la Pologne manifestait beaucoup de mauvaise volont\u00e9 en 2006 : \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019introduction de l\u2019Euro n\u2019est pas une priorit\u00e9 pour la Pologne\u00a0\u00bb avait ainsi d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la Ministre de l\u2019Economie, Zyta Gilowska, \u00e0 sa prise de fonction. Le changement de gouvernement, vers une orientation europhile, semble plus positive. Mais la crise financi\u00e8re introduit de nouvelles incertitudes. Euro protecteur ? Certains le pensent, d&rsquo;autres sont de l&rsquo;avis qu&rsquo;il faut en sortir. Avis irrationnels, motivations li\u00e9es \u00e0 de proches \u00e9lections, opinions publiques d\u00e9boussol\u00e9es&#8230; Tous les<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[584],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6612","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-pays-hors-zone-euro","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6612"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82308,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612\/revisions\/82308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amisdeleuro.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}